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What Is Standard Deviation?

Standard deviation measures how far values typically sit from the mean of a data set. It is written σ when the data is a whole population and s when it is a sample. Unlike variance, it is in the same units as your data, so a standard deviation of 3 kg means something you can picture directly. A small value means the numbers are bunched close to the mean; a large value means they are spread out. This calculator gives you both the population and the sample standard deviation, and the variance they come from.

Formula

There are two versions. They differ only in what you divide by before taking the square root.

Population Standard Deviation

σ = √[ Σ(xᵢ − μ)² / N ]
  • σPopulation standard deviation
  • xᵢEach individual data value
  • μPopulation mean
  • NNumber of values in the population

Sample Standard Deviation

s = √[ Σ(xᵢ − x̄)² / (n − 1) ]
  • sSample standard deviation
  • x̄Sample mean
  • n − 1Degrees of freedom (Bessel's correction)

How to Calculate Standard Deviation Step by Step

  1. Calculate the mean.Add all values and divide by the count.
  2. Find each deviation.Subtract the mean from every value: (xᵢ − x̄).
  3. Square the deviations.Squaring removes the minus signs: (xᵢ − x̄)².
  4. Add the squares.This total is the sum of squares, Σ(xᵢ − x̄)².
  5. Divide.Divide by N for a population or by n − 1 for a sample. The result is the variance.
  6. Take the square root.The square root of the variance is the standard deviation.

Standard Deviation Examples

1Student Test Scores (sample)

Data:72, 85, 90, 68, 95
Solution:Mean = (72 + 85 + 90 + 68 + 95) / 5 = 82. Squared deviations: 100, 9, 64, 196, 169. Sum of squares = 538. Sample variance = 538 / 4 = 134.5.
Answer:Sample standard deviation (s) ≈ 11.60

2Daily Temperatures for One Week's Weekdays (°C, population)

Data:20, 22, 19, 23, 21
Solution:Mean = 21. Squared deviations: 1, 1, 4, 4, 0. Sum of squares = 10. Population variance = 10 / 5 = 2.
Answer:Population standard deviation (σ) ≈ 1.41

3Product Weights (grams, sample)

Data:500, 502, 498, 501, 499
Solution:Mean = 500. Squared deviations: 0, 4, 4, 1, 1. Sum of squares = 10. Sample variance = 10 / 4 = 2.5.
Answer:Sample standard deviation (s) ≈ 1.58

4Monthly Rainfall (mm), both versions

Data:50, 75, 30, 90, 60
Solution:Mean = 61. Deviations: −11, 14, −31, 29, −1. Squared: 121, 196, 961, 841, 1. Sum of squares = 2120. Population variance = 2120 / 5 = 424. Sample variance = 2120 / 4 = 530.
Answer:σ ≈ 20.59 | s ≈ 23.02

5Household Energy Bills ($), both versions

Data:95, 110, 87, 102, 98, 115
Solution:Mean ≈ 101.17. Sum of squares ≈ 518.83. Population variance ≈ 86.47. Sample variance ≈ 103.77.
Answer:σ ≈ 9.30 | s ≈ 10.19

How to Use This Standard Deviation Calculator

Paste or type your numbers and the results update straight away:

  1. Enter your values separated by commas, spaces or line breaks. You can paste a column from a spreadsheet.
  2. Choose Sample if your numbers are drawn from a larger group, or Population if they are the whole group.
  3. Read the standard deviation, variance, mean and the other summary figures.
  4. Open "Show Calculation Steps" to see every deviation and squared deviation, then copy the results if you need them.

What the Calculator Shows You

  • Both the sample and the population result, so you can see the effect of the n − 1 correction.
  • The full working: mean, each deviation, each squared deviation and the sum of squares.
  • The mean, range, sum of squares and coefficient of variation from the same input.
  • A chart of your values with the mean and a ±1 standard deviation band.
  • Calculations run in your browser; your numbers are not sent anywhere.

Where Standard Deviation Is Used

Education

Seeing whether a class's marks are tightly grouped or widely spread.

Finance

Volatility of returns is usually reported as a standard deviation.

Manufacturing

Control charts set their limits a fixed number of standard deviations from the target.

Healthcare research

Results tables report "mean ± SD" for measurements such as blood pressure.

Sport

Comparing how consistent two athletes' times or scores are.

Weather

Describing how much daily temperatures vary around the monthly average.

Common Mistakes When Calculating Standard Deviation

These are the errors that most often lead to a wrong answer:

Using the wrong divisor

Dividing by N when your data is a sample makes the result too small. Use n − 1 unless you really do have every member of the group.

Forgetting to square the deviations

Raw deviations from the mean always add up to zero, so averaging them tells you nothing.

Forgetting the square root

If your answer is in squared units, you have calculated the variance, not the standard deviation.

Mixing units

Values recorded partly in centimetres and partly in metres give a meaningless result. Convert everything first.

Rounding too early

Rounding the mean before computing deviations introduces errors that grow through the calculation. Keep full precision until the end.

Standard Deviation or Variance: Which Should You Report?

They describe the same spread. The right one depends on who will read it and what happens next.

For people reading the result, use standard deviation

It is in the same units as the data. "The average is 50 ± 5 kg" is easy to picture; "the variance is 25 kg²" is not.

For further calculation, use variance

Variances of independent quantities add: Var(X + Y) = Var(X) + Var(Y). Standard deviations do not, which is why ANOVA and regression work with variances.

For the 68–95–99.7 rule, use standard deviation

For roughly normal data, about 68% of values fall within one standard deviation of the mean, 95% within two and 99.7% within three.

Converting is one step

Variance = SD². SD = √variance. You never need to recalculate from the raw data to switch between them.

자주 묻는 질문: 표준편차 계산기

분산에 대해 알아야 할 모든 것.

1, 2, 3, 4, 5의 표준편차는 얼마입니까?

1, 2, 3, 4, 5의 표준편차는 다음과 같이 계산됩니다. 평균 = 3. 제곱 편차: 4, 1, 0, 1, 4. 제곱합 = 10. 모집단 표준 편차(σ) = √(10/5) = √2 ≒ 1.414. 표본 표준 편차(s) = √(10/4) = √2.5 ≒ 1.581. 이것이 모든 데이터 포인트인 경우 인구 SD를 사용하십시오. 더 큰 그룹의 샘플을 나타내는 경우 샘플 SD를 사용하십시오.

표준편차를 단계별로 어떻게 계산하나요?

표준편차를 단계별로 계산하려면: 1. 데이터 세트의 평균을 구합니다. 2. 각 값에서 평균을 빼서 편차를 구합니다. 3. 각 편차를 제곱합니다. 4. 제곱 편차의 평균을 구합니다(인구는 n으로 나누고, 표본은 n−1로 나눕니다). 이것은 당신에게 차이를 제공합니다. 5. 분산의 제곱근을 구합니다. 결과는 표준편차입니다. 우리 계산기는 모든 단계를 자동으로 보여줍니다.

표준편차와 분산의 차이점은 무엇입니까?

표준편차는 분산의 제곱근입니다. 분산은 분산을 제곱 단위로 측정하는 반면, 표준편차는 이를 데이터의 원래 단위로 다시 변환합니다. 예를 들어 데이터가 미터 단위인 경우 분산은 미터² 단위이지만 표준 편차는 미터 단위입니다. 표준편차는 원시 데이터와 동일한 척도를 사용하기 때문에 일반적으로 해석하기가 더 쉽습니다.

Excel에서 표준 편차를 계산하는 방법은 무엇입니까?

Excel에서는 표본 표준 편차에 STDEV.S(range)를 사용하고 모집단 표준 편차에 STDEV.P(range)를 사용합니다. 예: =STDEV.S(A1:A10). Google 스프레드시트에서도 동일한 기능이 작동합니다. Python에서는 샘플 SD에 np.std(data, ddof=1)를 사용합니다. R에서 sd(x)는 기본적으로 샘플 표준편차를 반환합니다.

좋은 표준편차란 무엇인가요?

보편적으로 "좋은" 표준 편차는 없으며 상황에 따라 다릅니다. 낮은 표준 편차는 데이터 포인트가 평균을 중심으로 밀집되어 있다는 의미입니다(일관성이 더 높음). 높은 표준 편차는 데이터가 널리 분산되어 있음(가변성이 더 높음)을 의미합니다. 품질 관리에서는 일관성을 위해 낮은 SD가 선호됩니다. 투자에서 SD가 높을수록 위험이 더 크다는 의미입니다. 변동계수(CV)를 사용하여 다양한 규모의 데이터세트 전체에 걸친 분포를 비교할 수 있습니다.

표준편차가 음수가 될 수 있나요?

아니요. 표준 편차는 음수가 될 수 없습니다. 이는 분산의 제곱근이며 분산은 항상 0 또는 양수입니다(차이의 제곱을 합산하기 때문입니다). 표준편차가 0이면 모든 값이 동일하다는 의미입니다. 데이터가 분산되면 양의 표준 편차가 생성됩니다.

Should I report the standard deviation or the variance?

Report the standard deviation when people need to read the result, because it is in the same units as the data ("heights vary by about 2.5 inches"). Use the variance when you are doing further maths with it: in ANOVA and regression, and when combining independent variables, variances add but standard deviations do not.

Can the standard deviation be larger than the variance?

Yes, whenever the variance is between 0 and 1. For a variance of 0.25 the standard deviation is √0.25 = 0.5, which is larger. They are equal at 1 (and at 0), and for any variance above 1 the standard deviation is smaller, e.g. variance 4 gives SD 2.