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What Is Sample Variance?

Sample variance, written s², is what you calculate when your numbers are a sample from a bigger group and you want to estimate how spread out that bigger group is. A survey of 200 customers, ten bolts measured from a day's production, or eight volunteers in a pilot study are all samples. The calculation is the same as for population variance except for the last step: you divide the sum of squared deviations by n − 1 instead of n. That small change, called Bessel's correction, stops the result from systematically underestimating the true spread. This page explains when to use it, why it works and how to calculate it by hand.

Worked Example: Task Completion Times

A manager times 8 employees, chosen at random from a team of 200, on the same task. The 8 times are a sample, so the variance of the whole team is estimated with s².

Data (minutes):12, 15, 11, 14, 13, 16, 9, 14

  1. Mean. x̄ = 104 / 8 = 13
  2. Deviations and squares. Subtract the mean from each value and square the result:
xᵢxᵢ − x̄(xᵢ − x̄)²
12−11
1524
11−24
1411
1300
1639
9−416
1411
Sum036
  1. Sum of squares. Σ(xᵢ − x̄)² = 36
  2. Sample variance. s² = 36 / (8 − 1) = 5.1429; sample standard deviation s = √5.1429 = 2.2678

Sample variance s² = 36 / 7 ≈ 5.143 square minutes, so the sample standard deviation is s ≈ 2.268 minutes. Dividing by 8 instead would give 4.5, which would understate the spread of the whole team.

Formula

Sample variance uses the sample mean x̄ and divides by n − 1:

Sample Variance

s² = Σ(xᵢ − x̄)² / (n − 1)
  • s²Sample variance
  • xᵢEach value in the sample
  • x̄Sample mean
  • n − 1Sample size minus one (degrees of freedom)

Sample Standard Deviation

s = √s²
  • sSample standard deviation, in the original units

How to Calculate Sample Variance Step by Step

  1. Check that you have a sample.Your data should be a subset of the group you want to describe. If it is the whole group, use population variance instead.
  2. Find the sample mean.x̄ = Σxᵢ / n.
  3. Subtract the mean from each value.These deviations always add up to zero.
  4. Square and add the deviations.This is the sum of squares, Σ(xᵢ − x̄)².
  5. Divide by n − 1.For 8 values divide by 7, for 30 values divide by 29, and so on.
  6. Take the square root if you need s.The sample standard deviation is in the same units as the data.

More Sample Variance Examples

1Four Measurements From a Batch

Data:3, 7, 7, 19
Solution:Mean = 9. Deviations: −6, −2, −2, 10. Squared: 36, 4, 4, 100. Sum of squares = 144.
Answer:Sample variance = 144 / 3 = 48, s ≈ 6.928

2Survey: Hours of Sleep (5 respondents)

Data:7, 6, 8, 5, 9
Solution:Mean = 7. Deviations: 0, −1, 1, −2, 2. Squared: 0, 1, 1, 4, 4. Sum of squares = 10.
Answer:Sample variance = 10 / 4 = 2.5, s ≈ 1.581

3Quality Check: Bottle Fill Volumes (ml)

Data:498, 502, 500, 497, 503
Solution:Mean = 500. Deviations: −2, 2, 0, −3, 3. Squared: 4, 4, 0, 9, 9. Sum of squares = 26.
Answer:Sample variance = 26 / 4 = 6.5, s ≈ 2.550

How to Use This Sample Variance Calculator

Make sure the calculator is set to Sample, then:

  1. Enter your sample values, separated by commas, spaces or line breaks.
  2. Check that the result card says Sample Variance (s²). You need at least two values.
  3. Read s², the sample standard deviation s and the sample mean.
  4. Open the calculation steps to see the n − 1 division written out with your numbers.

What the Calculator Shows You

  • The sample variance and sample standard deviation with the n − 1 divisor applied.
  • The population figure for the same data, so you can see how much the correction changes the answer.
  • Every deviation and squared deviation, useful for homework or checking a spreadsheet.
  • Calculations run in your browser; your numbers are not sent anywhere.

When to Use Sample Variance

Surveys

Responses from some customers, voters or students, used to estimate the whole group.

Experiments and clinical trials

Participants are a sample of the people the treatment is meant for.

Quality control

Measuring a few items from a production run to judge the whole run.

A/B tests

Visitors in each variant are a sample of all future visitors.

Pilot studies

A small first sample used to estimate variance when planning a larger study.

Inferential statistics

t-tests, confidence intervals and ANOVA all use s², not σ².

Why Dividing by n − 1 Works: A Small Demonstration

You can see the bias, and the fix, with a population of just three numbers.

The population

Take the population {2, 4, 6}. Its mean is 4 and its population variance is σ² = 8 / 3 ≈ 2.667.

Every possible sample of two

Drawing two values with replacement gives 9 equally likely samples. For a sample of two, the sum of squared deviations is (a − b)² / 2. Three samples have a gap of 0, four have a gap of 2 and two have a gap of 4.

Dividing by n

Dividing each sample's sum of squares by n = 2 gives values whose average over the 9 samples comes out at 1.333, only half of the true 2.667.

Dividing by n − 1

Dividing by n − 1 = 1 instead gives values whose average over the 9 samples comes out at exactly 2.667, the true population variance. That is what "unbiased" means.

Why it happens

Each sample's mean sits in the middle of that sample, closer to its values than the true mean usually is. Measuring from it shrinks the squared deviations, and n − 1 makes up the difference.

자주 묻는 질문: 표본 분산 계산기

분산에 대해 알아야 할 모든 것.

표본 분산이란 무엇입니까?

표본 분산(s²)은 더 큰 모집단에서 가져온 표본의 값이 얼마나 분산되어 있는지 측정합니다. 공식은 s² = Σ(xᵢ − x̄)² / (n − 1)입니다. 실제 모집단 분산에 대한 편견 없는 추정치를 제공하기 위해 n−1(n 아님)로 나눕니다. Bessel 보정이라고 하는 이 보정은 실제 모집단 평균 대신 표본 평균을 사용하여 보정합니다.

표본 분산을 단계별로 계산하는 방법은 무엇입니까?

표본 분산을 계산하려면: 1. 표본 평균을 구합니다: x̄ = Σxᵢ / n. 2. 각 값에서 평균을 뺍니다: (xᵢ − x̄). 3. 각 편차를 제곱합니다: (xᵢ − x̄)². 4. 모든 제곱 편차의 합: Σ(xᵢ − x̄)². 5. n − 1(n 아님)로 나눕니다: s² = Σ(xᵢ − x̄)² / (n − 1). n−1은 매우 중요합니다. 이는 모집단 분산이 아닌 표본 분산을 만드는 것입니다.

표본 분산을 n 대신 n−1로 나누는 이유는 무엇입니까?

n−1로 나누는 것을 베셀 수정이라고 합니다. 표본에서 분산을 계산할 때 표본 평균은 실제 모집단 평균보다 표본 데이터 점에 더 가까운 경향이 있습니다. 이는 체계적으로 분산을 과소평가합니다. n−1로 나누면 이러한 편향이 수정되어 모집단 분산의 편향되지 않은 추정량이 생성됩니다. 숫자 n−1은 자유도를 나타냅니다. 평균이 데이터를 제한하기 때문에 1도가 손실됩니다.

언제 표본 분산과 모집단 분산을 사용해야 합니까?

데이터가 대규모 모집단에서 추출된 하위 집합인 경우 표본 분산(s²)을 사용하세요. 여기에는 설문조사, 실험, 임상 시험 및 대부분의 실제 시나리오가 포함됩니다. 인구 분산(σ²)은 인구 조사 데이터, 전체 학생 학급, 일괄 제품 등 전체 모집단의 모든 단일 데이터 포인트가 있는 경우에만 사용하세요. 의심스러운 경우 표본 분산을 사용하십시오.

3, 7, 7, 19의 표본 분산은 무엇입니까?

표본 3, 7, 7, 19의 경우: 평균 = (3+7+7+19)/4 = 9. 편차: −6, −2, −2, 10. 제곱 편차: 36, 4, 4, 100. 제곱합 = 144. 표본 분산(s²) = 144 / (4−1) = 144 / 3 = 48. 표본 표준편차 = √48 ≒ 6.928. 높은 분산은 19와 다른 값 사이의 큰 격차를 반영합니다.

표본 분산에는 몇 개의 데이터 포인트가 필요합니까?

표본 분산을 위해서는 최소한 2개의 데이터 포인트가 필요합니다. 데이터 포인트가 1개뿐이면 n−1 = 0이고 0으로 나누는 것은 정의되지 않습니다. 실제로 더 많은 데이터 포인트가 더 신뢰할 수 있는 분산 추정치를 산출합니다. 정규 분포 데이터의 경우 30개 이상의 관측치가 표본 분산을 안정화하기 위한 일반적인 임계값입니다.